← Huberman Lab

What Alcohol Does to Your Body, Brain & Health

Episode 86 Aug 22, 2022 1h 57m 23 insights
In this episode, I discuss the physiological effects that drinking alcohol has on the brain and body at different levels of consumption and over time. I also describe genetic differences that predispose certain individuals to alcoholism, binge and habit-drinking. I explain alcohol metabolism in simple terms and how it effectively acts as a poison, leading to cellular stress and damage. I then explain that it impacts neuronal function and changes our thinking and behavior – hallmarks of inebriation. I also discuss how alcohol consumption of different amounts impacts inflammation, stress, neurodegeneration, and cancer risk and negatively impacts the gut microbiome, brain thickness, hormone balance, mood and feelings of motivation. Additionally, I discuss the biology of hangovers and describe science-based strategies to mitigate the severity of a hangover. Since alcohol is one of the most widely consumed recreational substances, this episode ought to be of relevance to everyone.  Indeed, even low-to-moderate alcohol consumption negatively impacts the brain and body in direct ways. The goal of this episode is to help people make informed decisions about their alcohol consumption that are in keeping with their mental and physical health goals.  Access the full show notes for this episode at hubermanlab.com. Use Ask Huberman Lab, our new AI-powered platform, for a summary, clips, and insights from this episode.
Actionable Insights

1. Aim for Zero Alcohol Consumption

Strive for zero alcohol consumption for optimal health, as scientific literature suggests that no alcohol intake is better for your health than even low to moderate amounts.

2. Pregnant Individuals Must Abstain

Pregnant individuals must absolutely abstain from all alcohol consumption, as alcohol is a mutagen and toxin that causes permanent diminished brain, limb, and organ development (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome) in the fetus, with no safe type or amount.

3. Delay Alcohol Onset in Youth

Delay the onset of alcohol consumption, especially if there’s a family history of alcoholism, because starting to drink at a young age (e.g., 13-15) significantly increases the risk of developing alcohol dependence later in life.

4. Recognize Alcoholism Predisposition

If you can drink a lot and feel increased energy or have blackout episodes (not remembering events while awake), be very concerned about a genetic predisposition to alcoholism, as these patterns are strong indicators of higher risk.

5. Address Chronic Drinking Habits

If you are a moderate or heavy drinker, strive to reduce intake or quit entirely, and if consuming any alcohol, actively implement other health-promoting practices to offset negative effects and improve overall health.

6. Beware Brain Degeneration Risk

Be aware that even low to moderate alcohol consumption (e.g., one or two drinks per day, or seven glasses of wine per week) can cause thinning of the neocortex and loss of neurons, leading to brain degeneration.

7. Understand Cancer Risk

Be aware that even low to moderate alcohol consumption (e.g., 10 grams/day, equivalent to one US beer/wine/shot) significantly increases cancer risk, particularly breast cancer, by altering DNA methylation and gene expression.

8. Support Gut Microbiome Daily

Support your gut microbiome regularly by consuming 2-4 servings of low-sugar fermented foods (e.g., kimchi, sauerkraut, natto, kefir, active yogurts) daily, or by taking probiotics/prebiotics, to reduce inflammatory markers and improve gut health.

9. Expect Stress When Quitting

When reducing or quitting alcohol, expect increased anxiety and stress, and utilize stress management tools (e.g., from the ‘master stress’ episode) because chronic alcohol consumption increases baseline cortisol, which takes time to dissipate.

10. Abstain to Reset Brain Systems

Consider a period of abstinence from alcohol (2-6 months or longer) to reverse changes in neural circuits related to impulsivity, habitual behavior, and to reset dopamine and serotonin systems, as these systems can return to normal with abstinence.

11. Optimize Hormone Ratios

If you aim to optimize your testosterone to estrogen ratio, avoid regular alcohol consumption, as alcohol increases the conversion of testosterone to estrogen via the aromatase enzyme, which can lead to negative effects in both men and women.

12. Develop Non-Alcohol Stress Tools

Develop non-alcohol-based stress modulation tools and coping mechanisms, as alcohol increases baseline stress and alternative methods are healthier for managing stress.

13. Never Cold Plunge Inebriated

NEVER engage in deliberate cold exposure (cold showers, ice baths) while inebriated, as alcohol lowers core body temperature and disrupts its regulation, making cold exposure extremely dangerous and potentially leading to severe hypothermia.

14. Manage Hangover with Electrolytes

Maintain proper hydration and electrolyte balance before, during, and after alcohol consumption by drinking two glasses of water (ideally with electrolytes) for every alcoholic drink, and taking electrolytes before bed and upon waking after drinking.

15. Use Cold Exposure for Hangover

Safely use deliberate cold exposure (e.g., 1-3 minutes in a cold shower/ice bath) to potentially accelerate hangover recovery, as it can spike adrenaline and dopamine, which may aid alcohol clearance and improve mood, but only when sober.

16. Eat Before Drinking Alcohol

Eat a meal containing carbohydrates, fats, and proteins before or while drinking alcohol to slow its absorption into the bloodstream, reducing how quickly you feel drunk.

17. Avoid ‘Hair of the Dog’

Do not consume more alcohol (‘hair of the dog’) to alleviate a hangover, as this only delays and leads to a worse hangover.

18. Be Wary of NSAIDs for Hangovers

Exercise caution with NSAIDs (aspirin, Tylenol, Advil) for hangover headaches, as they can burden the liver, which is already stressed from metabolizing alcohol, and have other potential negative effects.

19. Choose Lower-Congener Drinks

Choose alcoholic drinks with fewer congeners (e.g., ethanol diluted in orange juice, beer, vodka, gin over brandy, red wine, rum, whiskey) to potentially reduce hangover severity, as congeners disrupt the gut microbiome.

20. Supplement Folate and B12

If you consume alcohol, ensure adequate intake of folate and other B vitamins, especially B12, as these nutrients might partially offset the increased cancer risk associated with alcohol consumption, though they do not completely eliminate it.

21. Don’t Rely on Resveratrol

Do not rely on red wine consumption for resveratrol’s health benefits, as the amount of red wine needed for beneficial resveratrol levels is too high and would cause more harm than good.

22. Recognize Sleep Disruption

Be aware that even one alcoholic drink disrupts sleep architecture, reducing restorative deep and REM sleep, which are essential for a high-quality night’s rest.

23. null

If you find yourself needing more alcohol to achieve the desired ‘feel good’ effect, recognize that you are likely disrupting your brain’s dopamine and serotonin systems, leading to more negative effects due to developing tolerance.