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The Science of Setting & Achieving Goals

Episode 55 Jan 17, 2022 1h 48m 17 insights
In this episode, I discuss the science of setting, assessing, and pursuing goals. I explain the neural (brain) circuits that underlie goal setting and pursuit. Then I describe nine science-supported tools anyone can apply toward their goals. I explain when and how to use goal visualization, when to use multitasking and how to use specific rewards to improve the likelihood of reaching your goals. I also explain why envisioning failures and their consequences are effective and how to set goals of the appropriate level of challenge. I also explain how the molecule dopamine is used to gauge our progress toward milestones and long-term overarching goals and how to leverage dopamine for goal pursuit. Finally, I explain a unique tool called 'space-time bridging' that can be used to support all aspects of goal setting, assessment, and pursuit. This episode ought to be useful for anyone seeking to improve their performance in work, school, exercise, athletics, or personal development. For the full show notes, visit hubermanlab.com.
Actionable Insights

1. Practice Space-Time Bridging Daily

Engage in a 90-second to 3-minute daily practice of shifting visual and cognitive focus from internal (eyes closed) to progressively distant external points, then back to internal. This trains your brain’s goal-setting and reward systems to orient across different locations in space and time.

2. Foreshadow Failure for Motivation

Routinely visualize and foreshadow the negative consequences and feelings of failure if you don’t pursue your goals. This strategy is more effective for sustained motivation than visualizing success, as the brain is better at moving away from fearful things.

3. Set Moderately Challenging Goals

Set goals that are difficult but possible, just outside your immediate abilities, rather than too easy or too lofty. Moderately challenging goals effectively engage your brain and body for sustained pursuit by increasing systolic blood pressure and readiness.

4. Narrow Visual Focus for Goals

Before engaging in goal-directed work, focus your visual attention on a single, narrow external point for 30-60 seconds. This increases cognitive attention, focus, and places the brain into a goal pursuit mode by increasing systolic blood pressure.

5. Create Concrete Action Plans

Develop a specific, detailed, and concrete set of action steps that clearly define what success looks like for any goal. Concrete plans lead to a remarkably higher probability of achieving goals compared to general intentions.

6. Cognitively Reward Consistent Progress

Consistently (e.g., weekly) cognitively reward yourself for making progress by acknowledging you are on track. This re-ups dopamine, a self-amplifying system, and amplifies your motivational state to continue goal pursuit.

7. Limit Major Goals to 1-3

Focus on one to three major goals per year to prevent distraction and improve focus. Too many options in your visual or cognitive environment can diffuse attention and be counterproductive to goal pursuit.

8. Embrace Errors for Learning

Actively embrace making errors when learning something new, viewing them as an entry point for brain plasticity. The frustration from errors cues brain areas to be more alert, leading to heightened focus and a higher probability of learning.

9. Optimal Learning Difficulty (85% Rule)

When learning, set the task difficulty such that you are getting things right about 85% of the time and making errors about 15% of the time. This specific error rate appears optimal for learning and achieving proficiency.

10. Assess Progress Weekly

Evaluate your progress towards goals weekly, reviewing performance from the previous week and updating your action plan for the upcoming week. Weekly assessment provides a reasonable and tractable schedule for consistent feedback and adjustment.

11. Prioritize Behavioral Tools First

Always prioritize behavioral tools over supplementation or chemical aids for motivation and focus. Behavioral practices engage neuroplasticity over time, leading to lasting improvements in neural circuits.

12. Toggle Peripersonal-Extrapersonal Focus

Continuously toggle your focus between your immediate environment and internal state (peripersonal space) and future goals or things beyond your reach (extrapersonal space). This dynamic shifting is crucial for effective goal setting and pursuit.

13. Utilize NSDR/Yoga Nidra

Incorporate Yoga Nidra or Non-Sleep Deep Rest (NSDR) protocols into your routine. Even short 10-minute sessions can greatly restore levels of cognitive and physical energy.

14. Use Brief Multitasking to Act

Engage in a short period of varied multitasking (e.g., cleaning, checking phone) just before focused, goal-directed work. This can generate adrenaline, getting your system into action.

15. Visualize Aged Self for Investment

To motivate long-term goals like saving money or investing in health, view digitally aged photos of yourself. This bridges the gap between your immediate experience and your future self, anchoring present behaviors.

16. Ensure Hydration with Electrolytes

Drink electrolyte-rich water (e.g., Element) first thing in the morning and during physical exercise. Proper hydration and adequate electrolytes are critical for optimal brain and body function, including neuron activity.

17. Supplement with Athletic Greens

Consider taking Athletic Greens once or twice daily to cover basic nutritional needs, address potential deficiencies, and support microbiome health with probiotics.