← Huberman Lab

The Science of Eating for Health, Fat Loss & Lean Muscle | Dr. Layne Norton

Episode 97 Nov 7, 2022 3h 47m 32 insights
My guest is Layne Norton, Ph.D. — one of the world’s foremost experts in nutrition, protein metabolism, muscle gain and fat loss. We discuss the science of energy utilization and balance, the efficacy of different diets (e.g., ketogenic, vegan, vegetarian, carnivore, omnivore), and how best to build lean muscle mass and lose fat. We also discuss optimal protein and fiber intake, the best sources of protein, the correlation between appetite, satiety signals and exercise, along with male and female-specific needs. Dr. Norton also explains how to support a healthy gut microbiome and offers insight into sugar and artificial sweeteners, processed, cooked, and raw foods, supplements, seed oils, and the relationship of LDL/HDL levels to cardiovascular health. This episode serves as a master class in nutrition, metabolism and exercise and is sure to benefit people of all ages and with different health and fitness goals. For the full show notes, visit hubermanlab.com.
Actionable Insights

1. Develop New Identity for Change

To achieve and maintain significant long-term behavioral changes, especially in weight loss, cultivate a new identity that aligns with your goals, actively ‘killing off’ the old self and its associated habits daily.

2. Choose Sustainable Dietary Restriction

Select a form of dietary restriction (nutrient, time, or calorie) that feels the least restrictive and is sustainable for the rest of your life, as adherence is the most critical factor for long-term weight loss success.

3. Exercise for Overall Health

Engage in regular exercise, as it is a powerful ‘hack’ to improve health biomarkers like insulin sensitivity and inflammation, even independent of weight loss.

4. Prioritize Consistent Hard Training

To build muscle and improve body composition, prioritize consistent hard training over getting excessively bogged down in scientific minutiae, as hard work and consistency are the main drivers of progress.

5. Cultivate Enjoyment of Hardship

Learn to genuinely enjoy the process of training hard, eating well, and tackling challenging tasks, as cultivating enjoyment of hardship is a powerful psychological tool for sustained effort and confidence building.

6. Reframe Adversity as Opportunity

When bad things happen, reframe them as exciting opportunities to overcome obstacles and learn, rather than dwelling on misfortune, as the biggest lessons and best outcomes often arise from challenging experiences.

7. Prioritize Fiber for Gut Health

To improve gut health, focus on not overeating, exercising, and consuming diverse sources of dietary fiber (a prebiotic), as fiber positively impacts the gut microbiome, leading to beneficial short-chain fatty acid production.

8. Maximize Dietary Fiber Intake

Aim for 15 grams of fiber per 1000 calories consumed daily, or as much as comfortably tolerated, as studies show a 10% reduction in mortality risk for every 10-gram increase in fiber, positively impacting cardiovascular disease and cancer risk.

9. Prioritize Protein Intake

Aim for at least 1.6 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight daily, as protein is the biggest lever for muscle building benefits with very few downsides.

10. Increase Protein for Satiety

Consume adequate protein (e.g., 1.6 g/kg body weight) because it has a higher thermic effect of food, helps preserve or build lean body mass, and positively impacts appetite, making it a powerful tool for body composition goals.

11. Prioritize Minimally Processed Foods

Focus on consuming minimally processed foods for about 80% of your diet, not because processed foods are inherently ‘bad,’ but because they tend to be highly palatable and lead to spontaneous overconsumption of calories (e.g., 500 calories/day increase).

12. Exercise to Enhance Satiety

Incorporate regular exercise into your routine, as it increases sensitivity to satiety signals, helping you regulate appetite more appropriately and maintain weight loss long-term.

13. Optimize Protein Distribution

Aim for at least two to three high-quality protein meals per day, as protein distribution matters more than frequency, and this approach is likely sufficient for maintaining or building lean body mass for most individuals. For plant-based diets, consider isolated protein sources or blends to ensure adequate protein and leucine intake without excessive calories.

14. Daily Morning Weight Tracking

Weigh yourself first thing in the morning after using the bathroom, every day, and track the weekly average to accurately monitor weight loss progress and avoid discouragement from daily fluctuations.

15. Maintain Daily Step Count

Track your daily step count (e.g., 8,000 steps) and actively maintain it, as spontaneous non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) can decrease unknowingly during a fat loss diet, requiring purposeful activity to compensate.

16. Hydration and Electrolytes First Thing

Drink one packet of Element (electrolytes: sodium, magnesium, potassium, no sugar) dissolved in 16-32 ounces of water upon waking to ensure proper hydration and electrolyte balance for optimal brain and body function. Also consume during physical exercise.

17. Utilize Meditation and NSDR

Engage in meditation, yoga nidra, or non-sleep deep rest (NSDR) sessions, even short 10-minute ones, to restore cognitive and physical energy and place the brain and body into different states.

18. Avoid Extreme Dietary Restriction

Do not purposely restrict specific nutrients (e.g., sugar) if it leads to increased cravings and a higher likelihood of binge eating, as this can lead to disordered eating patterns. Instead, focus on overall dietary balance.

19. Prioritize Fiber Over Sugar

Focus on consuming sufficient fiber (30-60+ grams daily) rather than strictly limiting sugar, as high fiber intake can mitigate potential negative effects of sugar, especially when overall calories are controlled.

20. Use Non-Nutritive Sweeteners Strategically

If you consume sugar-sweetened beverages, replacing them with non-nutritive sweetened beverages (e.g., diet soda) is a net positive for improving adiposity and health markers, and may even be slightly more beneficial than water for adiposity in some contexts.

21. Moderate Saturated Fat Intake

Limit saturated fat intake to 7-10% of total daily caloric intake, as this is generally considered wise for cardiovascular health, though going too low might modestly reduce testosterone.

22. Auto-Regulate Training Menstrual Cycle

During your menstrual cycle, auto-regulate your training intensity and volume based on how you feel; if you feel good, continue as normal, but if you feel terrible, it’s appropriate to reduce intensity and volume.

23. Avoid Charred Meat Portions

When cooking meat, avoid charring it, and if it happens, cut off the charred portions, as charring can create potentially carcinogenic polyaromatic hydrocarbons.

24. Creatine Monohydrate Supplementation

Supplement with 5 grams of creatine monohydrate daily for increased phosphocreatine content, improved exercise performance, recovery, lean mass, and strength, with potential cognitive benefits. If prone to GI issues, split into multiple smaller doses and avoid loading.

25. Utilize Caffeine for Performance

Consume caffeine for consistent improvements in exercise performance, as benefits are observed even in habitual users.

26. Consider Rhodiola Rosea

Explore Rhodiola Rosea as an adaptogen to reduce physical and perceived fatigue, potentially enhance memory and cognition, and smooth out caffeine’s effects or mitigate caffeine withdrawal symptoms.

27. Explore Ashwagandha Supplementation

Consider Ashwagandha, which shows promise for modestly increasing testosterone, decreasing stress hormones (cortisol), and aiding sleep, though more research is needed to confirm its effects on lean mass.

28. Use Citrulline Malate for Performance

Supplement with Citrulline Malate to reduce fatigue, increase time to fatigue during exercise, and potentially gain small recovery benefits.

29. Consider L-Carnitine for Recovery/Fertility

Explore L-Carnitine (especially Carnitine Tartrate) for recovery benefits and potential increases in androgen receptor density in muscle cells. L-Carnitine also shows good evidence for improving sperm and egg health for conception.

30. Beta-Alanine for High-Intensity Training

Consider Beta-Alanine if engaging in high-intensity training lasting 45-60 seconds or more, as it appears to help delay fatigue in that specific context.

31. Betaine for Lean Mass and Power

Explore Betaine (trimethylglycine) as a supplement, as there is some evidence suggesting it can improve lean mass and power output.

32. Use Carbon App for Macro Adjustment

Utilize the Carbon app to track food and weight, as it automatically adjusts your calorie, protein, carbohydrate, and fat targets weekly based on your progress towards weight loss, muscle gain, or maintenance goals.