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Science of Muscle Growth, Increasing Strength & Muscular Recovery

Episode 22 May 31, 2021 2h 34 insights
In this episode, I describe how our brain and nervous system control muscle tissue and how to leverage that for muscle maintenance, growth (hypertrophy) and recovery. I explain how neurons control muscle contractions and limb movements. I explain muscle metabolism and muscle fiber recruitment. I detail protocols for increasing muscular growth and for neuro-muscular recovery. I explain the effects of deliberate cold, anti-inflammatory agents, and anti-histamines on training progress. I describe science-supported protocols using certain weight load ranges, total sets per week, training intensity, frequency, and in-between set activities if one's goal is to increase muscle growth, strength or endurance. I review three foundational compounds and nutrients and three optimization compounds and nutrients that have been shown to improve neuro-muscular performance. Finally, I explain how to leverage exercise and weight training to enhance cognitive function. Read the full show notes for this episode at hubermanlab.com.
Actionable Insights

1. Ensure Foundational Hydration

Dissolve one packet of Element in 16-32 ounces of water upon waking and during physical exercise to ensure optimal brain and body function by providing vital electrolytes (sodium, magnesium, potassium) without sugar.

2. Cover Basic Nutritional Needs

Take an all-in-one vitamin-mineral probiotic drink (e.g., Athletic Greens) once or twice a day to cover basic nutritional needs, address deficiencies, and support microbiome health which impacts immune system, mood, and overall biological systems.

3. Engage in Regular Resistance Exercise

Incorporate some form of resistance exercise (body weight, bands, weights) into your routine to offset age-related decline in strength, improve posture, enhance bone density, and protect against injury.

4. Incorporate “The Burn” for Organ Health

For approximately 10% of your workouts or individual activities, push to the point of feeling the “burn” to generate lactate, which acts as a hormonal signal to positively enhance the function of your heart, liver, and brain. When experiencing the burn, focus on deep inhales to maximize oxygen delivery.

5. Assess Recovery with CO2 Test

First thing in the morning, perform the CO2 tolerance test (4 deep nose inhales/mouth exhales, then a fifth deep nose inhale followed by the slowest possible mouth exhale) to objectively measure your nervous system’s recovery and capacity to engage the calming parasympathetic system.

6. Assess Recovery with Grip Strength

Upon waking, test your grip strength (e.g., with a grip tool or floor scale) as a simple thermometer for your nervous system’s overall recovery; a 10-20% reduction from your baseline indicates insufficient recovery.

7. Optimize Resistance Training Volume

Perform 5 to 15 sets per muscle group per week, using weights or resistance that are 30-80% of your one-repetition maximum (1RM), ensuring you train close to or occasionally to muscular failure for strength and hypertrophy gains.

8. Limit Resistance Workout Duration

Keep resistance training sessions generally between 45 and 60 minutes, avoiding longer durations, to prevent excessive increases in cortisol and inflammatory pathways that can be detrimental to recovery and training goals.

9. Prioritize Full Range of Motion

Always perform resistance exercises through a full range of motion to ensure effective muscle engagement and maximize the benefits of your training.

10. Tailor Training for Hypertrophy/Strength

For hypertrophy (muscle size), focus on isolating specific muscles and generating hard, localized contractions; for strength, prioritize moving progressively heavier loads through compound movements, distributing effort across muscle groups.

11. Test Mind-Muscle Connection

To gauge a muscle’s potential for hypertrophy, try to deliberately contract and isolate it hard (to the point of slight cramping) without external weight; good neural control indicates a higher capacity for growth.

12. Use In-Between Set Flexing

Perform hard, isolated contractions (flexing) of the target muscle for about 30 seconds between work sets to enhance hypertrophy by increasing local stress, tension, and damage, though this may compromise performance on subsequent sets.

13. Train for Explosiveness and Speed

To increase explosiveness, speed, or jumping/throwing power, learn to move moderate to heavy loads as fast as safely possible throughout the entire set, avoiding training to failure where movement inevitably slows.

14. Implement Testosterone-Boosting Protocol

To stimulate testosterone release, perform 6 sets of 10 repetitions of big compound movements (e.g., squats, deadlifts) with precisely 120 seconds of rest between sets, up to twice a week.

15. Avoid Cold Post-Resistance Training

If your goal is strength or hypertrophy, avoid whole-body cold exposure (ice baths, cold showers) within four hours after a resistance workout, as it can interfere with muscle repair and growth pathways.

16. Avoid Antihistamines & NSAIDs

Be cautious about using antihistamines and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) within four hours before or after exercise, as they can disrupt the inflammation needed for adaptation and muscle gains, and NSAIDs block important pain signals.

17. Reduce Systemic Inflammation

Maintain low systemic inflammation by ensuring sufficient daily intake of Omega-3s (over 1000mg EPA), Vitamin D, and Magnesium Malate.

18. Initiate Recovery Post-Training

At the conclusion of your training session, deliberately engage the parasympathetic (calming) nervous system for five minutes using respiration tools (e.g., 10 physiological sighs), NSDR, or hypnosis apps to kickstart the recovery process.

19. Use Physiological Sighs Between Sets

Perform a few physiological sighs (double inhale through the nose, long exhale) between sets to help recover the nervous system, maintain nerve-to-muscle contractibility, and enhance focus during your training session.

20. Pre-Exhaust Muscles for Hypertrophy

To specifically target a muscle for hypertrophy, perform isolation exercises for that muscle (e.g., leg extensions) before compound movements (e.g., squats), understanding this will reduce the weight you can lift in the compound exercise.

21. Ensure Adequate Electrolyte Intake

Maintain sufficient levels of salt, potassium, and magnesium in your system, as these electrolytes are absolutely vital for optimal nerve-to-muscle communication and overall physical and cognitive performance.

22. Consider Creatine Supplementation

Ingest 3-15 grams of creatine daily, depending on body weight (e.g., 5g for 180lb), to significantly increase power output (12-20%), improve cellular hydration, indirectly boost lean mass, and reduce fatigue.

23. Consider Beta-Alanine Supplementation

Take 2-5 grams of beta-alanine daily to support performance in mixed anaerobic/aerobic activities (60-240 second range, e.g., 8-15 rep sets, interval training), improving muscular endurance and reducing fatigue.

24. Consider Endurance Supplements

For long-duration exercise bouts (e.g., long runs, swims), consider ingesting beet juice, arginine, or citrulline to improve performance through vasodilation and increased blood flow.

25. Ensure Sufficient Leucine Intake

Aim to ingest 700-3000 milligrams of the essential amino acid leucine with each meal to support the synthesis of myosin for muscle hypertrophy and muscle repair for strength.

26. Optimize Protein Meal Frequency

Eat 2-4 times a day, ensuring each meal provides sufficient amino acids, as frequent eating (6-7 times/day) is not necessary for most individuals to support muscle repair and growth.

27. Leverage Training for Cognitive Focus

Schedule intense cognitive work on days you don’t physically train, at the same time of day you normally would exercise, to harness your nervous system’s learned focus and enhance non-exercise cognitive function.

28. Optimize Training Time

Schedule your training 30 minutes, 3 hours, or 11 hours after your normal waking time to align with body temperature and cortisol rhythms, providing regularity and potentially optimizing readiness to train.

29. Use Waking Up App for Meditation/NSDR

Utilize the Waking Up app for various meditation programs, mindfulness training, Yoga Nidra, or Non-Sleep Deep Rest (NSDR) protocols to learn different meditation types and restore cognitive/physical energy.

30. Access Cold Plunge Protocol

Download the beautifully illustrated cold exposure protocol for fat loss from thecoldplunge.com (under the protocols tab) to guide shiver-induced fat oxidation.

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