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Science-Based Mental Training & Visualization for Improved Learning

Episode 121 Apr 24, 2023 1h 56m 21 insights
In this episode, I explore the science of mental visualization and its application for learning motor and cognitive skills. I discuss neuroplasticity-based skill development and the roles of focus, sleep, movement restriction, and agitation. I then present five key principles of mental visualization to enhance learning speed, accuracy, and consistency. I also provide examples of specific protocols, including repetitions, rest periods, and session frequency, and how to adapt these methods for injuries or breaks from traditional training. Throughout, I reference the scientific studies supporting these concepts. This episode should allow anyone to learn or teach more effectively through the use of mental visualization and training. For the full show notes, visit hubermanlab.com.
Actionable Insights

1. Engage Self-Directed Neuroplasticity

To learn anything new, apply focused, dedicated attention to the task, followed by periods of deep rest, especially a good night’s sleep. This two-step process signals to your brain that changes are needed and allows the rewiring of neural connections to occur.

2. Prioritize Real-World Training

When given the option, always choose real-world training over purely mental training, as it is more effective on an hour-by-hour basis for skill acquisition and retention.

3. Combine Mental with Real-World Training

Mental training and visualization is not a replacement for actual physical or cognitive practice, but an augment. Combine mental training with very similar real-world behaviors and experiences to achieve the most effective and flexible learning.

4. Brief, Simple, Repeated Visualizations

For effective mental training, keep visualizations short (15-20 seconds), simple, and sparse in detail, repeating them over and over with high accuracy. This approach is crucial for engaging neuroplasticity, especially for those with difficulty visualizing.

5. Perform 50-75 Repeats Per Session

Aim for 50 to 75 repetitions of your brief (5-15 second) mental training sequence per session. Rest for approximately 15 seconds between each epoch of repeats.

6. Train 3-5 Times Per Week

Perform mental training and visualization sessions anywhere from three to five times per week for optimal effectiveness.

7. Ensure Prior Real-World Proficiency

Mental training is most effective for enhancing skills you can already perform successfully in the real world, even if only some of the time. It helps increase accuracy and frequency rather than teaching a completely new skill from scratch.

8. Mental Training for Withholding Actions

If your goal is to improve by withholding incorrect actions (e.g., reducing mistakes in a golf swing), a combination of mental training and physical training is more effective than either alone. Ensure your practice includes both “go” (performing an action) and “no-go” (withholding an action) trials.

9. Practice First-Person Visualization

Generally, mental training and visualization performed from a first-person perspective (as if you are doing it) is more effective than a third-person perspective (watching yourself).

10. Use Video for Third-Person Visualization

If you opt for third-person mental training, it is more effective to watch videos of yourself performing the skill on loop, rather than just imagining yourself from an external viewpoint.

11. Assign Cognitive Labels to Visualizations

Enhance mental training by assigning clear, recognizable labels or identities to what you are visualizing, matching them to real-world training and experiences. This recruits more neural machinery, increasing the probability of proper execution.

12. Incorporate Deliberate Eye Movements

During mental training, consciously move your eyes in the direction of the imagined objects or actions (e.g., looking up for a ceiling, down for the floor). This engages more neural circuitry, making the visualization more effective.

13. Match Visualization Speed to Reality

Be aware that the processing speed of imagined experiences is identical to that of real experiences. Your mental visualization will take the same amount of time as the actual physical or cognitive task would in the real world.

14. Prioritize Sleep After Training

Strive for sufficient, quality sleep on the night following both real-world and mental training sessions, as this is when the actual rewiring of neural connections (neuroplasticity) primarily occurs.

15. Practice Deep Rest (Yoga Nidra/NSDR)

Incorporate short (e.g., 10-minute) sessions of Yoga Nidra or Non-Sleep Deep Rest (NSDR) to restore cognitive and physical energy, which supports neuroplasticity and learning.

16. Mental Training for Injury/Inability

If you are injured or otherwise unable to perform real-world training, engaging in mental training is significantly better than doing no training at all, helping to maintain or even build skills over time.

17. Older Adults Benefit from Combined Training

For individuals 65 or older, combining physical and mental training may be more effective for gaining and consolidating skills than physical training alone.

18. Sustain Training for Public Speaking

For public speaking, visualize sequences like walking onto stage and facing the audience, repeating them on loop while consciously cultivating a calm internal state. This is a form of mental autonomic training.

19. Mental Training Improves Over Time

Consistent practice of mental training and visualization will improve your ability to visualize and engage plasticity, demonstrating a “meta-plasticity” effect.

20. Take Electrolytes for Hydration

Dissolve one packet of Element in 16-32 ounces of water first thing in the morning and during physical exercise to ensure adequate hydration and electrolyte balance, which is critical for brain and body function.

21. Take AG1 for Foundational Nutrition

Consider taking AG1 (Athletic Greens) once or twice a day to meet foundational nutritional needs, including probiotics for gut health and a blend of adaptogens, vitamins, and minerals.