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How Your Brain’s Reward Circuits Drive Your Choices | Dr. Robert Malenka

Episode 132 Jul 10, 2023 2h 47m 18 insights
In this episode, my guest is Robert Malenka, MD, PhD, a professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Stanford School of Medicine who has made numerous seminal discoveries of how the brain changes (neuroplasticity) in response to learning and in response to rewarding and reinforcing experiences. We discuss the brain’s several reward systems involving dopamine and serotonin and how these motivate us to seek out specific behaviors and substances. We discuss how these reward systems are modified based on context and our memories, and how they can be hijacked toward maladaptive drug seeking in addiction. We also explore how reward systems influence social connections, oxytocin and empathy and how that applies to our understanding of autism spectrum disorders. This episode should be of interest to those interested in neuroplasticity, social bonding, addiction, autism, learning and motivation. For show notes, including referenced articles and additional resources, please visit hubermanlab.com. Use Ask Huberman Lab, our new AI-powered platform, for a summary, clips, and insights from this episode.
Actionable Insights

1. Prioritize Empathy & Compassion

Recognize that empathy and compassion are crucial for human survival; strive to understand that another person’s suffering is akin to your own, regardless of differences in appearance or belief systems.

2. Prevent Addiction: Never Start

It is impossible to become addicted to a substance if you have never used it, so avoiding initial use eliminates the risk of developing an addiction.

3. Cultivate Healthy Rewards

Actively seek out healthy ways to activate your brain’s reward circuitry, such as exercise, to gain satisfaction and reinforce positive behaviors.

4. Reward Abstinence Behaviors

In recovery, actively create rewards around abstaining from addictive substances or behaviors, cognitively teaching yourself to find satisfaction and liking in sobriety.

5. Recognize Genetic Addiction Risk

Be aware that there is a genetic component to addiction, particularly with substances like alcohol, and consider family history when assessing personal risk.

6. Assess Addiction Risk

Before trying a substance, especially as a young person, assess the inherent risk of developing an addiction, as even a single exposure can cause lasting changes in brain circuitry.

7. Dopamine Signals Importance

Understand that the dopamine system signals not only rewarding experiences but also painful or aversive stimuli, linking both to arousal and memory systems to help you remember important environmental events for survival.

8. Ensure Proper Hydration & Electrolytes

Maintain proper hydration and adequate electrolyte intake (sodium, magnesium, potassium) for optimal brain and body function, as even slight dehydration can diminish cognitive and physical performance.

9. Huberman’s Hydration Protocol

Dissolve one packet of Element in 16-32 ounces of water first thing in the morning and during any physical exercise to ensure proper hydration and electrolyte balance.

10. Restore Energy with NSDR

Engage in yoga nidra or non-sleep deep rest (NSDR) sessions, even for just 10 minutes, to greatly restore levels of cognitive and physical energy.

11. Utilize Meditation Apps

Explore meditation apps like Waking Up, which offer diverse programs including mindfulness, yoga nidra, and non-sleep deep rest (NSDR) protocols, to place the brain and body into different states.

12. Social Buffering of Pain

Engage socially when experiencing pain, as social interaction can provide relief and reduce focus on discomfort, a phenomenon known as social buffering of pain.

13. Leverage Non-Verbal Social Cues

Be aware that non-verbal social cues, such as touch or even a nod, can powerfully impact well-being, provide comfort, and offer a sense of connection, especially during times of pain or struggle.

14. Work For Yourself Mindset

Even when working with mentors, adopt a mindset of working for yourself and viewing them as colleagues from whom you can learn, fostering a sense of equality and ownership over your work.

15. Build Confidence Gradually

Build confidence gradually over time by engaging in challenging work, developing a ’tougher and thicker skin’ to argue and defend your ideas, and realizing it’s okay to voice your opinions and beliefs.

16. Mind Social Media’s Addictive Nature

Recognize that social media and digital communication capitalize on primitive reward mechanisms, leading to compulsive behaviors similar to addiction due to immediate feedback and the desire for recognition.

17. Beware Intermittent Rewards

Understand that gambling capitalizes on the brain’s reward circuitry through intermittent rewards, which are very powerful and designed to keep individuals coming back despite potential losses.

18. Approach Psychedelics Cautiously

Approach the use of psychedelics and MDMA with caution, recognizing they are not miracle cures and can lead to very bad experiences, emphasizing the need for rigorous, sophisticated, and ethical scientific study.