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How to Breathe Correctly for Optimal Health, Mood, Learning & Performance

Episode 112 Feb 20, 2023 2h 14m 15 insights
In this episode, I explain the biology of breathing (respiration), how it delivers oxygen and carbon dioxide to the cells and tissues of the body and how is best to breathe—nose versus mouth, fast versus slow, deliberately versus reflexively, etc., depending on your health and performance needs. I discuss the positive benefits of breathing properly for mood, to reduce psychological and physiological stress, to halt sleep apnea, and improve facial aesthetics and immune system function. I also compare what is known about the effects and effectiveness of different breathing techniques, including physiological sighs, box breathing and cyclic hyperventilation, “Wim Hof Method,” Prānāyāma yogic breathing and more. I also describe how to breath to optimize learning, memory and reaction time and I explain breathing at high altitudes, why “overbreathing” is bad, and how to breathe specifically to relieve cramps and hiccups. Breathwork practices are zero-cost and require minimal time yet provide a unique and powerful avenue to improve overall quality of life that is grounded in clear physiology. Anyone interesting in improving their mental and physical health or performance in any endeavor ought to benefit from the information and tools in this episode. For the full show notes, visit hubermanlab.com.
Actionable Insights

1. Rapid Stress Reduction (Physiological Sigh)

Perform a physiological sigh by taking two deep inhales through the nose (one long, then a quick sharp second inhale) to maximally inflate your lungs, followed by a full exhale through the mouth until lungs are completely empty. This is the fastest known way to reduce stress in real-time and rebalance your autonomic nervous system, as it optimally balances oxygen and carbon dioxide.

2. Daily Cyclic Sighing for Calm

Practice cyclic sighing for five minutes daily, regardless of the time of day. This involves repeatedly performing the physiological sigh (two deep nasal inhales, followed by a long mouth exhale) to achieve the greatest reductions in chronic stress, improve mood, and enhance sleep quality around the clock.

3. Improve Baseline Breathing (Box Breathing)

First, perform a carbon dioxide tolerance test by timing a controlled, slow nasal exhale after a deep nasal inhale (low: <20s, moderate: 25-45s, high: >50s). Then, practice box breathing (equal duration inhale, hold, exhale, hold) for 2-3 minutes, once or twice per week, using intervals corresponding to your tolerance (e.g., 3, 5-6, or 8-10 seconds). This exercise improves diaphragmatic control and shifts your resting breathing pattern to be deeper, less frequent, and more efficient, reducing brain hyper-excitability and improving sleep.

4. Prioritize Nasal Breathing Default

Strive to breathe exclusively through your nose whenever you are not speaking, eating, or engaging in strenuous exercise. Nasal breathing increases resistance, allowing for greater lung inflation, warms and moisturizes inhaled air for better lung health, and produces nitric oxide, which dilates blood vessels for improved nutrient delivery and congestion relief.

5. Train Nasal Breathing for Sleep

To improve nighttime nasal breathing and reduce sleep apnea or snoring, consciously practice pure nasal breathing during daytime activities like walking or working, or by using medical tape to keep your mouth shut during sleep. This trains your system to become a better nasal breather, transferring positive patterns to sleep and improving overall health and aesthetics.

6. Control Heart Rate with Breath

To quickly decrease your heart rate, make your exhales longer and/or more vigorous than your inhales. Conversely, to increase your heart rate, inhale longer and more vigorously relative to your exhales, leveraging the direct relationship between breathing and heart rate to rapidly adjust your physiological state.

7. Enhance Learning & Memory (Inhales)

When engaging in activities that require focus, learning, or memory retrieval (e.g., reading, studying, listening), consciously increase the duration or intensity of your inhales. Inhalation enhances brain activity in areas related to memory, improves reaction time, and increases the ability to detect novel stimuli.

8. Increase Physical Power (Exhales)

To generate maximum power and speed in voluntary movements, such as striking or swinging, perform the movement during an active exhale. Exhalation is known to greatly enhance the ability to generate fast, directed volitional movements.

9. Eliminate Hiccups (Triple Inhale)

To stop hiccups, take three consecutive inhales through the nose without exhaling in between, then hold your breath for 15-20 seconds, and slowly exhale. This hyper-excites and then hyper-polarizes the phrenic nerve, which is responsible for hiccups, stopping its spasm.

10. Relieve Right-Side Side Stitch

If you experience a cramp on your right side during exercise, perform the physiological sigh (two deep nasal inhales followed by a long mouth exhale) two or three times while continuing your activity. This alleviates the referenced pain by adjusting phrenic nerve activity and sensory feedback from the diaphragm and liver.

11. Maintain Calm in Cold Exposure

When entering very cold water, consciously control your breathing to make it rhythmic (alternating inhales and exhales), even if fast. This helps to override the default panicky response and navigate the stressful circumstance more calmly, a skill that translates to other life stressors.

12. Practice Stress Inoculation (Hyperventilation)

For self-induced stress inoculation, perform cyclic hyperventilation (25 deep nasal inhales followed by passive or active mouth exhales, then exhale all air and hold breath for 15-30 seconds) for five minutes, one to two times per week. This deliberately increases adrenaline and epinephrine, teaching you to maintain a calm mind and body under stress, but should be avoided near water or if prone to anxiety/panic attacks.

13. Optimize Hydration with Electrolytes

Dissolve one packet of Element (sodium, magnesium, potassium without sugar) in 16-32 ounces of water first thing in the morning and during any physical exercise. This ensures adequate hydration and electrolyte balance, which is critical for optimal brain and body function and prevents diminished cognitive and physical performance.

14. Support Foundational Nutrition (AG1)

Take Athletic Greens (now AG1) once or twice a day to get necessary probiotics for gut health and a range of adaptogens, vitamins, and minerals. This supports overall foundational nutritional needs and gut microbiota health, impacting immune system, hormone system, and brain function.

15. Consciously Breathe at High Altitude

If experiencing headache or shortness of breath at high altitude, consciously try to draw in larger breaths of air. This helps your body adapt more quickly to the lower air pressure and increased effort required for breathing, alleviating symptoms like lightheadedness and disorientation.