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How Meditation Works & Science-Based Effective Meditations

Episode 96 Oct 31, 2022 2h 23m 16 insights
In this episode, I discuss the biological mechanisms of the state changes that occur during different types of meditation and describe how to develop the meditation practice optimal for you. I explain key meditation principles, such as using specific breathwork patterns and adjusting your perception to specific locations along the continuum between interoception, exteroception and dissociation. I discuss how meditation practices lead to long-term trait changes and neuroplasticity, including changing your default mood, reducing baseline anxiety/depression, increasing your ability to focus, enhancing relaxation, improving sleep, and increasing your overall happiness level. I also explain the concept behind the “third-eye center,” what mindfulness is from a biological standpoint, the power of ultra-brief meditations and how to select the best meditation and time and duration to meditate to meet your need. I also explain a novel open-eyed perception-based meditation that may enhance focus, relaxation and task-switching ability. Whether you are a novice or an experienced meditator or simply interested in how our brain controls different aspects of conscious awareness and self-regulation, this episode should interest you. For the full show notes, visit hubermanlab.com.
Actionable Insights

1. Tailor Meditation to Your Bias

Assess whether you are more internally (interoceptive) or externally (exteroceptive) focused, then choose a meditation practice that works against that default bias to promote neuroplasticity. This means if you’re ‘in your head,’ focus on external things, and if you’re easily distracted by external stimuli, focus inward.

2. Meditate Against Your Default

If you are tilted towards interoception (inward focus), do an exteroceptive-focused practice; if you are more exteroceptively focused (outward focus), do an interoceptively focused meditation. This deliberate action trains neural circuits and fosters neuroplasticity by going against your natural bias.

3. Use NSDR/Yoga Nidra for Sleep

Engage in Non-Sleep Deep Rest (NSDR) or Yoga Nidra practices to replenish dopamine, reduce cortisol, and potentially reduce your total sleep need, especially if you struggle with sleep or need to replace lost sleep. These practices are anti-focus and involve body scans, making them distinct from traditional meditation.

4. Practice Space-Time Bridging Meditation

Perform a multi-stage meditation by sequentially focusing your attention from pure interoception (eyes closed, internal focus) to progressively distant external points (hand, immediate environment, horizon, universe) while maintaining awareness of your breath, then returning to interoception. This practice helps you flexibly adjust your perception along the interoceptive-exteroceptive continuum and across time domains.

5. Adjust Breathing for Desired State

Deliberately control your breathing pattern during meditation to achieve a specific state: emphasize longer/more vigorous inhales for alertness, longer/more vigorous exhales for relaxation, or balanced breaths to maintain your current state. This leverages respiration physiology to shift your brain and body.

6. Embrace Refocusing in Meditation

View mind wandering not as a failure, but as an opportunity to practice refocusing; the more often you gently bring your attention back to your chosen focus, the more effective your meditation practice becomes for neuroplasticity. This reframe helps improve your ability to quickly re-engage focus over time.

7. Meditate Consistently, Even Briefly

Prioritize consistency in your meditation practice, even if it’s for short durations like 3-5 minutes daily or 10-30 minutes once a week, as regular engagement is key to deriving benefits and fostering neuroplastic changes.

8. Assess Your Perceptual Bias

Before meditating, take a moment to sit or lie down with eyes closed and evaluate whether your attention naturally drifts inward (interoceptive) or outward (exteroceptive), or if you can easily split it. This self-assessment informs which type of meditation practice will be most beneficial for you at that moment.

9. Use Deliberate Breathing for Internal Focus

If you are prone to feeling pulled out of yourself, use a deliberate, somewhat unnatural breathing pattern during meditation to force your attention inward and enhance interoceptive awareness. This helps to anchor your mind internally.

10. Use Simple Breathing for External Focus

If you are caught in your own head with looping thoughts, combine an exteroceptive-biased meditation (focusing on something external) with a natural, cyclic breathing pattern. This allows your attention to drift more easily away from internal thoughts.

11. Avoid Traditional Meditation Before Sleep

Do not perform traditional, focus-oriented meditation practices (like third-eye center or breath focus) too close to bedtime if your goal is to fall asleep. These practices enhance focus and interoceptive awareness, which can make it harder to drift off.

12. Pick Meditation for Specific Goals

Select a meditation practice that is specifically directed at your individual goals, such as enhancing focus, improving mood, or aiding sleep, rather than adopting a generic approach. Different meditation types yield different results, similar to different forms of exercise.

13. Less Meditation with Practice

Understand that as you become more skilled at quickly entering desired brain states through meditation, you will actually need to meditate less frequently or for shorter durations to achieve the same benefits. This highlights the efficiency gained through consistent practice.

14. Slow and Control Breathing

During most meditative practices, consciously slow down and/or control your breathing in a deliberate fashion, as this shifts your perception towards interoception and away from external events.

15. Drink Element for Hydration

Dissolve one packet of Element in 16-32 ounces of water first thing in the morning and during physical exercise to ensure optimal hydration and adequate electrolyte intake (sodium, magnesium, potassium) without sugar. Proper hydration is critical for brain and body function.

16. Explore Waking Up App

Utilize the Waking Up app to explore a variety of meditation programs, mindfulness trainings, and yoga nidra sessions of different durations, allowing you to tailor your practice to your available time and desired mental states.