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Essentials: The Science of Making & Breaking Habits

Dec 4, 2025 40m 59s 19 insights
In this Huberman Lab Essentials episode, I explain how to create lasting habits and break unwanted ones. I explain two habit-building systems: one aligned with daily rhythms and another based on a 21-day cycle of forming and reinforcing habits. I also discuss why habit formation differs between individuals and how certain "linchpin" habits can make other behaviors easier to adopt. Finally, I share practical tools—including visualization, task bracketing, and methods for rewiring bad habits—to support lasting behavioral change. Read the episode show notes at hubermanlab.com.
Actionable Insights

1. Adopt Identity-Based Habits

Link habits to a larger identity (e.g., ‘a fit person,’ ‘an athlete’) rather than just immediate goals. This provides a larger overarching theme and goal, making the habit more robust and easier to maintain.

2. Prioritize Linchpin Habits

Identify and prioritize certain habits you enjoy doing (e.g., resistance training, running) that, when performed, make it easier to execute many other desired habits. Place these enjoyable linchpin habits typically early in the day to leverage their positive impact on subsequent behaviors.

3. Implement 21-Day Habit System

Set out to perform six new habits per day for 21 days, with the expectation of completing four to five of them each day. This system focuses on building the habit of performing habits, rather than just specific ones, allowing for flexibility and preventing burnout.

4. Phase 1: High-Friction Habits

Schedule habits with the highest limbic friction (hardest to engage in, requiring the most activation energy) during the first 0-8 hours after waking. This phase naturally elevates norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine, making it easier to overcome resistance and perform challenging new habits.

5. Phase 2: Low-Friction Habits

Schedule habits that require very little override of limbic friction (e.g., journaling, practicing music, learning a language) during the 9-15 hours after waking. This phase, characterized by rising serotonin, lends itself to a more relaxed state, making these ‘mellower’ activities easier to consolidate.

6. Optimize Sleep Environment

During the 16-24 hours after waking (Phase 3, sleep), ensure your environment has very low to no light and keep the room temperature low. This supports deep sleep, which is crucial for neuroplasticity and the consolidation of habits triggered during waking hours.

7. Immediately Replace Bad Habits

To break a bad habit, immediately after its execution, engage in a replacement positive habit that is easy to execute. This re-maps neural circuits by linking the bad behavior to a good one, removing the need for constant conscious awareness before the bad habit.

8. Visualize Habit Steps

Mentally step through the entire procedure of a new habit from start to finish (e.g., walking into the kitchen, turning on the espresso machine, drawing espresso). This simple mental exercise, done once or twice, sets in motion the necessary neurons and lowers the threshold for actual execution.

9. Test Habit Context Independence

Once a habit feels effortless and requires little limbic friction, test its strength by moving it around somewhat randomly to different times of day or circumstances. If you can still perform it, it has achieved true context independence, indicating it’s deeply formed in your nervous system.

10. Be Patient with Habit Formation

Understand that the time it takes to form a habit varies widely among individuals and habits, ranging from 18 to 254 days. Don’t be discouraged if a habit takes longer to form for you, as variability is normal.

11. Allow for Habit Slips

Within the 21-day habit system, if you miss a day and don’t perform four to five habits, do not try to compensate by doing more the next day. This built-in permission to ‘fail’ makes the system more adaptable and sustainable.

12. Assess Habits After 21 Days

After completing the 21-day deliberate habit schedule, stop and assess how many of the six habits are automatically incorporated into your routine. Only add more new habits once the previous set has become reflexive.

13. Ensure Proper Hydration

Drink electrolyte mixes (containing sodium, magnesium, and potassium, without sugar) dissolved in water, especially first thing in the morning and during physical exercise. This supports optimal brain and body function and prevents cognitive and physical performance diminishment from dehydration.

14. Optimize Sleep Temperature

Regulate your sleeping environment’s temperature, as your body temperature needs to drop 1-3 degrees to fall and stay asleep, and increase 1-3 degrees to wake refreshed. Tools like smart mattress covers can automate this process.

15. Minimize Light During Night Waking

If you wake up in the middle of the night, use the minimum amount of light necessary to navigate your surroundings safely. Bright light inhibits melatonin, making it very difficult to fall back asleep.

16. Taper Bright Light in Phase 2

In the second half of the day (Phase 2), try to start tapering the amount of really bright light you’re getting, unless it’s sunlight at a low solar angle. This supports the natural rise of serotonin and a more relaxed state.

17. Use Heat Exposure in Phase 2

Engage in heat exposure activities like sauna, hot baths, or hot showers in the second half of the day (Phase 2). These activities tend to support a high-serotonin, calm, and relaxed state, beneficial for habit consolidation.

18. Gap Between Food and Sleep

Consider putting a gap of two to four hours between your final bite of food and when you go to sleep at night. This practice can be beneficial for falling and staying in deep sleep, though individual tolerance varies.

19. Consider Sleep Supplements

To improve the quality and depth of your sleep, consider taking a comprehensive sleep supplement (e.g., AGZ, containing magnesium threonate, theanine, chamomile extract, glycine, saffron, valerian root) 30-60 minutes before sleep.