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Essentials: Build Muscle Size, Increase Strength & Improve Recovery

Apr 10, 2025 34m 20s 27 insights
In this Huberman Lab Essentials episode, I discuss how to build muscle strength and size (hypertrophy) and cover key training principles to enhance athletic performance and offset age-related muscle decline. I explain how the nervous system drives muscle movement, the key differences between training for hypertrophy or strength, and resistance training protocols to build muscle for performance and healthy aging. Additionally, I discuss tools for assessing recovery and the role of key nutrients—such as creatine and electrolytes—in supporting muscle development and performance. This episode provides actionable, science-backed strategies to enhance movement, preserve strength with age, and boost energy levels. Read the episode show notes at hubermanlab.com. Huberman Lab Essentials are short episodes focused on essential science and protocol takeaways from past full-length Huberman Lab episodes. Watch or listen to the full-length episode at ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠hubermanlab.com⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠. Timestamps 00:00:00 Huberman Lab Essentials; Muscle 00:02:02 Muscle & Nervous System 00:03:24
Actionable Insights

1. Optimize Sleep Temperature

Ensure your sleeping environment’s temperature is correct, as your body temperature needs to drop 1-3 degrees to fall and stay deeply asleep, and increase 1-3 degrees to wake up refreshed.

2. Dynamic Sleep Temperature Regulation

Regulate your bed temperature to be cool at the beginning of the night, even colder in the middle, and warm as you wake up to optimize slow wave and REM sleep.

3. Prioritize Proper Hydration

Ensure proper hydration for optimal brain and body function, as even a slight degree of dehydration can diminish cognitive and physical performance.

4. Ensure Adequate Electrolytes

Consume adequate electrolytes (sodium, magnesium, potassium) in correct ratios, as they are vital for the functioning of all body cells, especially neurons.

5. Morning & Exercise Electrolyte Intake

Dissolve one packet of electrolyte mix in about 16 to 32 ounces of water and drink it first thing in the morning, and also during any physical exercise.

6. Ensure Sufficient Salt Intake

Consume sufficient salt, along with potassium and magnesium, to support excellent nerve-to-muscle communication and physical performance.

Engage in activities to get muscles stronger to offset the normal, age-related decline in strength, posture, and range of movement that occurs with aging.

8. Weekly Set Volume for Muscle Growth

For increasing muscle strength and size, perform 5 to 15 sets of resistance exercise per muscle group per week, using 30-80% of your one-repetition maximum.

9. Minimum Weekly Sets for Muscle Maintenance

Perform at least five sets per muscle group per week, using 30-80% of your one-repetition maximum, just to maintain muscle size and strength.

10. Optimal Resistance Training Load

For muscle hypertrophy and strength, train with weights, bands, or body weight in the range of 30% to 80% of your one-repetition maximum.

11. Strategic Training to Failure

Incorporate training to muscular failure for about 10% of your sets or workouts, but ensure the majority of your training sets are not taken to failure to allow for higher overall volume.

12. Train for Strength with Progressive Overload

To get stronger, focus on moving progressively greater loads or increasing the amount of weight you lift over time.

13. Train for Hypertrophy with Isolated Contractions

To specifically generate muscle hypertrophy (size), focus on generating hard, almost painful, localized contractions of specific muscles.

14. Improve Muscle Isolation for Efficiency

Enhance your ability to contract and isolate particular muscles, as this skill can reduce the number of sets needed to achieve desired hypertrophy or strength effects.

15. Train for Explosiveness with Quick Movements

To develop explosiveness and speed, move heavy or moderately heavy loads (60-75% of 1RM) as fast as possible throughout the set, without going to failure.

16. Optimal Rest Between Sets

For hypertrophy and strength gains, rest between two to six minutes between sets to allow for adequate recovery.

17. Assess Systemic Recovery Daily

Use simple, zero-cost tests like grip strength and carbon dioxide tolerance first thing in the morning to assess your nervous system’s overall recovery and decide if you should train that day.

18. Monitor Morning Grip Strength

Measure your grip strength first thing in the morning (e.g., with a grip tool or floor scale) to assess your nervous system’s recovery and ability to generate force. Establish a baseline when well-rested and look for significant (10-20%) reductions as a sign of under-recovery.

19. Perform Morning CO2 Tolerance Test

To assess nervous system recovery, perform a CO2 tolerance test: Inhale deeply through your nose and exhale fully four times. On the fifth inhale, fill your lungs completely, engaging your diaphragm. Then, exhale as slowly as possible through a tiny opening in your mouth, timing how long it takes until no more air can be released.

20. Interpret CO2 Tolerance for Recovery

Use your CO2 discard time to gauge recovery: <25 seconds indicates likely under-recovered; 30-60 seconds is a ‘green zone’ for physical work; 65-120 seconds indicates almost certainly recovered nervous system.

21. Allow Muscle Recovery Between Sessions

If dividing resistance training sets across the week, ensure adequate muscle recovery between sessions.

22. Avoid Cold Exposure Post-Resistance Training

Do not use ice baths or cold exposure immediately after resistance training, as it can interfere with mTOR pathways and inflammation, potentially short-circuiting muscle repair and growth.

23. Limit NSAID Use Around Exercise

Be cautious with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) within four hours before or after exercise, as they can prevent gains in endurance, strength, and size.

24. Supplement with Creatine

Consider supplementing with approximately five grams of creatine daily (for a 180-pound individual) to enhance power output, improve hydration, and reduce fatigue.

25. Consume Leucine with Each Meal

Aim to ingest 700 to 3,000 milligrams of the essential amino acid leucine with each meal to support muscle repair and growth.

26. Prioritize Whole Food Protein Sources

Obtain your protein and essential amino acids, including leucine, primarily from whole foods rather than relying solely on supplements.

27. Consistent Amino Acid Intake

Eat two to four times a day, ensuring sufficient amino acid intake (compatible with your ethics and diet) to support muscle repair, growth, and strength improvements.