← The Peter Attia Drive

#52 - Ethan Weiss, M.D.: A masterclass in cardiovascular disease and growth hormone - two topics that are surprising interrelated

May 6, 2019 2h 54m 15 insights
<p>In this episode, Ethan Weiss, Hopkins trained preventative cardiologist at UCSF, discusses two topics that on the surface may seem unrelated which is cardiovascular disease, and the role of growth hormone and IGF in disease. Ethan provides a masterclass in everything from acute coronary syndrome to all of the complex nuances around stent placement, as well as how calcium scores and results from CT angiograms shape his treatment of patients. He also shares how his idea to study the sex differences in blood clotting as it relates to coronary disease lead him to pursue the field of endocrinology, and specifically what he found with respect to the effect of growth hormone and IGF on the liver, the brain, and overall human longevity. </p> <p>We discuss:</p> <ul> <li>Mutual love for hockey [7:15];</li> <li>Ethan's background and interest in cardiology [13:15];</li> <li>Clinical definitions of a heart attack, clotting, and plaque: What causes the acute event? [24:15];</li> <li>Defining coronary disease and myocardial infarction: The evolving nomenclature [32:00]; </li> <li>What happens when someone comes to the ER with a STEMI (ST elevation myocardial infarction)? [47:15];</li> <li>Stents [54:45];</li> <li>Treatment protocol for both acute and chronic coronary artery disease: History, controversy, and important distinctions [1:06:30];</li> <li>Using stents to treat stable angina: What we learned from the COURAGE AND ORBITA trials [1:15:30];</li> <li>The "art" of longevity: The challenge of preventative medicine and understanding risk [1:31:45];</li> <li>Understanding CAC scores, and CT angiogram results [1:40:15];</li> <li>How sex differences in clotting and heart disease got Ethan interested in growth hormone and IGF [2:01:00];</li> <li>Impact of growth hormone on the liver [2:07:00];</li> <li>Growth hormone and insulin sensitivity [2:18:00];</li> <li>The role of GH and IGF on chronic disease and cancer [2:23:30];</li> <li>Will taking growth hormone promote longevity? [2:32:30];</li> <li>GH and IGF as a treatment for early stage dementia? [2:34:30];</li> <li>What happens to IGF while fasting and what about fasting improves longevity?  [2:35:15];</li> <li>The importance of becoming scientifically literate and making science more exciting for future generations [2:38:30];</li> <li>Ethan's new company: Keyto [2:43:45]; and</li> <li>More.</li> </ul> <p><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Learn more at <a href="http://www.peterattiamd.com/">www.PeterAttiaMD.com</a><br /> Connect with Peter on <a href="Facebook.com/PeterAttiaMD">Facebook</a> | <a href="Twitter.com/PeterAttiaMD">Twitter</a> | <a href="Instagram.com/PeterAttiaMD">Instagram</a>.<br /></span></p>
Actionable Insights

1. Act Quickly for STEMI

If a patient presents with ST elevation on an EKG and symptoms of a heart attack (STEMI), activate the cath lab immediately, as the standard of care is to open the artery within an hour to save heart muscle and lives.

2. Prioritize Plavix for Stents

If you have a stent, ensure you take your prescribed blood-thinning medication like Plavix daily, especially in the initial months, as it is critical to prevent life-threatening stent thrombosis.

3. Manage Stable Angina Medically First

For stable angina, prioritize optimized medical therapy to manage symptoms before considering a stent. Stents are useful if medicines are ineffective or cause intolerable side effects, but they don’t typically extend life in stable angina.

4. Understand Growth Hormone Trade-offs

If considering growth hormone, understand that while it may improve lean muscle mass and fat mass for aesthetic or performance goals, there is no evidence it promotes longevity and may even decrease it.

5. Use Ketone Monitoring for Adherence

If following a ketogenic diet or fasting, utilize a ketone biomarker measurement (e.g., with a device like Keyto) as a real-time guide to reinforce behavioral changes and improve adherence, as scale weight is a lagging indicator.

6. Interpret Calcium Scores Contextually

For asymptomatic individuals, a coronary artery calcium (CAC) score is most informative in two scenarios: if you are young (under 45-50) and have any calcification, or if you are older (over 70) and have a score of zero, as these results can significantly guide the aggressiveness of medical therapy.

7. Consider Patient Anxiety for CTAs

When considering a CT angiogram (CTA) for asymptomatic patients, evaluate their psychological disposition. For anxious patients, seeing plaque on a CTA might cause significant distress and sleeplessness, which could outweigh the clinical benefit of the information.

8. Reconsider HeartFlow Utility

As a clinician, reconsider the routine ordering of HeartFlow analysis with CT angiograms for stable angina patients, as current data from trials like Orbita suggest it may not add significant value to management beyond the anatomical information from the CTA itself.

9. Embrace Evidence-Informed Medicine

Adopt an ’evidence-informed’ approach to medicine, recognizing that clinical trials provide data on averages, but individual patient decisions often require judgment and art, especially in areas like prevention where direct trial data may be lacking.

10. Cultivate Scientific Humility

Maintain scientific humility by acknowledging that ‘all facts have a half-life’ and scientific truth is constantly refined. Be open to being wrong and view unexpected results as opportunities for learning and discovery.

11. Prioritize Scientific Literacy

Recognize that understanding science and critical thinking is essential to avoid being ‘overrun with propaganda and nonsense.’ Actively seek to improve your scientific literacy, regardless of your profession.

12. Improve Science Communication

As scientists and educators, strive to communicate scientific concepts in an interesting and exciting way without oversimplifying, to engage a broader audience and foster scientific literacy.

13. Support Podcast for Exclusive Content

To access exclusive content like full show notes, downloadable transcripts, and participation in Ask Me Anything episodes, consider becoming a member and supporting the podcast directly.

14. Use Journal Club App for Trials

Physicians and those interested in clinical trials should download the ‘Journal Club’ app, which provides comprehensive summaries and details of clinical trials, serving as a valuable resource for staying informed.

15. Curate Science on Twitter

Utilize Twitter as a tool to curate scientific information and research from experts in adjacent fields, helping to stay updated on developments outside one’s immediate specialization.