← The Peter Attia Drive

#163 - Layne Norton, Ph.D.: Building muscle, losing fat, and the importance of resistance training

May 24, 2021 2h 41m 67 insights
<div><span> Layne Norton is a physique coach, a natural professional bodybuilder and powerlifter, and holds a Ph.D. in nutritional sciences. In this episode, Layne explains how he became interested in weightlifting and fitness both professional and academically. He provides insights into preventing and managing injuries while using consistency and determination to boost his professional success in bodybuilding and powerlifting. Peter and Layne also review the science of body composition and what's really driving muscle growth, including the role of nutrition, supplements, and a number of important and misunderstood hormones important to muscle protein synthesis. Furthermore, Layne stresses the importance of maintaining muscle mass even while losing fat for improving metabolic health and longevity and provides the keys to developing healthy habits. </span></div> <div> <div> <p> </p> </div> <div> <p>We discuss:</p> <ul type="disc"> <li>Layne's childhood and why he gravitated towards weightlifting and bodybuilding [<a href="2021-05-20%2014:45:00%20EDT">2:45</a>];</li> <li>Layne's academic path, overcoming ADHD, and kicking Adderall [<a href="2021-05-20%2023:45:00%20EDT">11:45</a>];</li> <li>Paradoxical observations about expertise, and Layne's career transition to health and fitness [<a href="2021-05-20%2022:00:00%20EDT">22:00</a>];</li> <li>The power of persistence and resilience in the face of setbacks [32:15];</li> <li>Battling injuries, managing back pain, and setting lifting records [43:00];</li> <li>Bodybuilding vs. powerlifting: comparing and contrasting the training approaches [57:15];</li> <li>Cutting weight without losing muscle mass: exercise and dietary protocols, fasting, and a look at the literature [<a href="2021-05-20%2001:06:00%20EDT">1:06</a>:00];</li> <li>Muscle protein synthesis and the importance of leucine [<a href="2021-05-20%2001:25:30%20EDT">1:25:30</a>];</li> <li>Nitrogen balance and muscle protein synthesis, and the regulatory role of hormones for fat flux and muscle growth [<a href="2021-05-20%2001:37:00%20EDT">1:37</a>:00];</li> <li>What's really driving muscle growth: intrinsic vs. systemic factors, IGF, and hormone signaling [<a href="2021-05-20%2001:46:30%20EDT">1:46:30</a>];</li> <li>The role of protein, carbohydrates and insulin on muscle growth and preservation, and the importance of context when interpreting study results [<a href="2021-05-20%2001:55:30%20EDT">1:55:30</a>];</li> <li>Clarifying the role of cortisol—a misunderstood hormone [<a href="2021-05-20%2014:07:45%20EDT">2:07:45</a>];</li> <li>The problem with studies trying to isolate one nutrient [<a href="2021-05-20%2014:15:00%20EDT">2:15</a>:00];</li> <li>The important role of inflammation from exercise [<a href="2021-05-20%2014:19:25%20EDT">2:19:25</a>];</li> <li>Keys to preserving muscle, and the value of habits, consistency, and resilience [<a href="2021-05-20%2014:23:30%20EDT">2:23:30</a>]; and</li> <li>More.</li> </ul> <p>Learn more: <a href="https://peterattiamd.com/">https://peterattiamd.com/</a><br /> <br /> Show notes page for this episode: <a href="https://peterattiamd.com/LayneNorton">https://peterattiamd.com/LayneNorton</a> <br /> <br /> Subscribe to receive exclusive subscriber-only content: <a href="https://peterattiamd.com/subscribe/">https://peterattiamd.com/subscribe/</a><br /> <br /> Sign up to receive Peter's email newsletter: <a href="https://peterattiamd.com/newsletter/">https://peterattiamd.com/newsletter/</a><br /> <br /> Connect with Peter on <a href="http://Facebook.com/PeterAttiaMD"><u>Faceboo</u></a><u>k</u> | <a href="http://Twitter.com/PeterAttiaMD"><u>Twitter</u></a> | <a href="http://Instagram.com/PeterAttiaMD"><u>Instagram</u></a>.</p> </div> </div>
Actionable Insights

1. Prioritize Resistance Training

Recognize that resistance training is the most powerful tool available for improving both body composition and overall health, surpassing the impact of dietary changes alone.

2. Build Consistency Through Habits

Understand that consistency is the most crucial factor for long-term success in health and fitness; achieve it by deliberately changing and forming new, supportive habits.

3. Form a New Identity

To achieve and sustain significant life changes, cultivate a new identity that aligns with your desired behaviors, effectively ‘killing’ the old self and its associated patterns.

4. Frame Exercise as Non-Negotiable

Approach exercise not as a matter of motivation, but as a fundamental, non-negotiable part of daily self-care, similar to brushing your teeth, to ensure long-term adherence.

5. Maximize Lean Body Mass

Prioritize building and maintaining lean body mass, as it is identified as the most powerful predictor of longevity after age 65.

6. Exercise Benefits Beyond Weight Loss

Understand that while diet primarily drives fat loss for significant improvements, exercise provides massive health benefits and adaptations even without weight loss.

7. Muscle Maintenance Needs Minimal Effort

Recognize that maintaining existing muscle mass requires significantly less training volume and intensity compared to the effort needed for building new muscle.

8. Align Actions with Outcomes

Clearly define your goals and identify the necessary actions and work required to achieve them, recognizing that results are directly tied to this alignment.

9. Focus on Personal Improvement

Use others for inspiration but avoid direct comparison; instead, focus on whether you can get better, understanding that significant progress requires sustained effort over a long period.

10. Overcome Shortcomings with Effort

Recognize that a high volume of consistent work and effort can compensate for many natural shortcomings or initial mistakes in any endeavor.

11. Avoid Paralysis by Analysis

Do not let the overwhelming amount of information lead to inaction; instead, overcome intimidation and simply begin, as consistent effort will yield results regardless of initial perfection.

12. Focus on Overall Eating Patterns

Avoid labeling individual nutrients as inherently ‘good’ or ‘bad’; instead, prioritize overall lifestyle and long-term eating patterns, as context is paramount in nutrition.

13. Understand Dunning-Kruger Effect

Be aware that initial learning in a subject often leads to an inflated sense of knowledge, but continued learning reveals the true depth of ignorance, fostering humility.

14. Identify Experts by Uncertainty

When seeking knowledge, look for individuals who express nuance and uncertainty, as this often indicates a deeper understanding of complex subjects.

15. Be Skeptical of Debates

Recognize that debates often favor eloquent speakers and reinforce existing biases, making them unhelpful forums for truly discerning objective truth.

16. Understand Study Limitations

Recognize that scientific studies, especially highly controlled ones, are designed to modify only a few variables, making it difficult to generalize results to complex real-world scenarios.

17. View Metabolism as Dimmer Switches

Understand that metabolic processes like fat burning/storage and protein synthesis/degradation are always occurring simultaneously, with relative rates determining net outcomes.

18. Consider Summation of Hormonal Signals

When evaluating health outcomes, recognize that they result from the complex interplay and summation of multiple hormonal signals, rather than focusing on the isolated effect of one hormone.

19. Use ‘Relative to What’ Comparison

When evaluating a diet, always consider what it’s being compared to (e.g., the Standard American Diet), as this context significantly influences perceived benefits.

20. Weight Regain Stems from Inconsistency

Understand that weight regain after successful loss is primarily due to a lapse in consistent behaviors and habits, not minor dietary imperfections like macronutrient ratios or timing.

21. Adapt Training When Experiencing Pain

When experiencing pain during exercise, first modify the load, tempo, or range of motion; if pain persists, then consider changing the exercise selection.

22. Gradually Reintroduce Painful Movements

When recovering from an injury, start with modified exercises (e.g., pin squats, reduced range of motion, slower tempo) that cause minimal pain, then progressively increase load and range of motion over weeks.

23. Avoid Complete Activity Cessation

Instead of stopping exercise completely when injured, modify movements (e.g., switch to single-leg exercises like split squats) to continue training without exacerbating pain.

24. Incorporate Diet Breaks for Fat Loss

Implement diet breaks by eating at maintenance calories for 1-3 weeks after 2-3 weeks of aggressive dieting to help preserve strength and lean body mass during fat loss phases.

25. Plan Plant-Based Protein Carefully

While muscle can be built with plant protein, it requires more meticulous planning and attention to detail due to limiting amino acids and lower leucine content compared to animal protein.

26. Limit Fasting for Muscle Gain

If the goal is to increase muscle mass, consider reducing or temporarily stopping regular multi-day fasting protocols, as they may hinder lean tissue accrual.

27. Tailor Ketogenic Diet to Exercise

A ketogenic diet may be suitable for ultra-endurance or aerobic exercise below 60% VO2 max, but it becomes challenging to perform optimally at higher aerobic intensities (over 70% VO2 max) or for anaerobic activities.

28. Implement Focused Work Blocks

For tasks requiring concentration, work in 30-45 minute blocks, then take a 15-minute break to allow for distraction, always using a timer to ensure return to task.

29. Track Weight Daily, Use Averages

To avoid discouragement from daily weight fluctuations, weigh yourself every day and track the average weight over time, as this provides a more stable and accurate trend.

30. Apply Progressive Overload Principle

Focus on the fundamental principle of progressive overload in weight training to ensure continuous improvement and strength gains, recognizing it includes more than just increasing weight.

31. Embrace Measurable Training Progress

Recognize that weightlifting offers clear, measurable outcomes (e.g., lifting 10% more in two months), providing objective proof of improvement and motivation.

32. Diversify Exercises in Bodybuilding

In bodybuilding, focus on creating muscle tension, achieving sufficient volume, and progressive overload; if a specific exercise causes issues, substitute it with alternatives (e.g., hack squat instead of barbell squat).

33. Choose Easiest Diet Restriction

Select a dietary restriction method (e.g., calorie/macro tracking, specific food exclusions, intermittent fasting) that feels most sustainable and least tedious for you personally.

34. Self-Educate with Foundational Resources

Start learning about weight training or any new subject by seeking out basic books and resources, as this provides a solid foundation.

35. Prioritize Evidence-Based Learning

Seek information that is evidence-based and question dogma, as this approach helps in understanding complex subjects like physiology.

36. Build Muscle for Calorie Capacity

Increase your muscle mass to boost your basal metabolic rate, allowing you to consume more calories while maintaining body composition.

37. Balance Meat with Fruits/Vegetables

If consuming higher amounts of meat, ensure a high intake of fruits and vegetables, as this combination may mitigate the associated cancer risk seen with high meat intake alone.

38. Incorporate Short Bursts of Exercise

Even during sedentary activities like online discussions, take breaks to perform simple exercises like pushups to stay active.

39. Commit to Rehab for Injuries

If you are dedicated to rehabilitation and hard work, an injury like a disc herniation is not necessarily a career-ending event for lifting or athletic pursuits.

40. Use Resistance Training for Back Pain

Engage in resistance training as it is one of the most effective interventions for managing and improving low back pain.

41. Be Aware of Extreme Dieting

Understand that achieving extremely low body fat levels involves profound and constant hunger, as well as debilitating low energy, which can significantly impact daily life.

42. Expect Lean Mass Loss at Extremes

When aiming for very low body fat percentages (e.g., below 7% on calipers), expect a significant portion of weight loss to come from lean body mass, potentially as much as fat mass.

43. Anticipate Increased Effort for Fat Loss

Understand that achieving the last few percentage points of body fat loss requires disproportionately monumental effort compared to initial weight loss.

44. Distinguish ‘Can Do’ from ‘Optimal’

When evaluating training or diet strategies, differentiate between whether something can be done versus whether it is the optimal approach for maximizing results.

45. Base Recommendations on Evidence

Understand that broad health recommendations are based on the consensus of evidence, but individual responses can vary, necessitating personalized approaches.

46. Wary of Chronic Cortisol Elevation

Understand that sustained, low-level elevations in cortisol, often due to chronic stress, are more problematic for health than acute, transient spikes from exercise.

47. Cortisol Associated with Hypertrophy

Recognize that post-exercise cortisol levels are positively associated with hypertrophy, suggesting it’s a marker of training stress that drives adaptation, not a direct cause of muscle growth.

48. Be Cautious with Mechanistic Data

Understand that mechanistic data, when isolated, can be used to support almost any nutritional claim, highlighting the need to consider broader context and outcomes.

49. Exercise Inflammation is Beneficial

Recognize that the acute inflammatory response to exercise is a beneficial hormetic stressor, acting like a ‘vaccine’ that helps the body adapt and improve.

50. Avoid Prolonged Exercise Cessation

Be highly vigilant about avoiding extended breaks from exercise (e.g., a month or more) due to injury or illness, as the resulting deconditioning can be devastating, especially with age.

51. Embrace Challenges as Process

When pursuing health goals like weight loss, view setbacks and challenges as normal and integral parts of the journey, rather than reasons to quit.

52. Avoid Universal Diet Assumptions

Recognize that what works easily for your dietary preferences (e.g., flexible dieting, ketogenic diet, intermittent fasting) may not be easy or suitable for others.

53. Expect Ketogenic Anaerobic Adaptation

Be aware that achieving previous levels of anaerobic fitness on a ketogenic diet may require a very long and strict adaptation period (e.g., 18 months), suggesting it’s not optimal for high-intensity performance.

54. Lean Mass Retention in Overweight

If overweight or obese, there is less concern about losing lean body mass during dieting, as the body has ample fat reserves to draw energy from.

55. Maximize Muscle with Regular Nutrients

For individuals aiming to achieve the absolute maximum in muscle and strength, consistent and regular nutrient intake is likely more effective than periodic fasting.

56. Focus on Intrinsic Muscle Growth

Understand that muscle growth is primarily regulated intrinsically at the muscle tissue level (e.g., mechanotransduction), rather than solely by systemic hormone levels like testosterone or IGF-1.

57. Systemic GH/IGF-1 Not Anabolic

Be aware that systemic growth hormone (GH) and IGF-1 do not directly promote skeletal muscle growth; their observed effects on lean body mass are due to increased body water and connective tissue.

58. Localized IGF-1 Is Anabolic

Understand that IGF-1 released locally by muscle tissue (mechano growth factor) in response to mechanical tension is highly anabolic and crucial for muscle growth.

59. Expect Localized Muscle Adaptation

Recognize that muscle growth and adaptation are localized; training one muscle group (e.g., legs) will not significantly increase the size or strength of an untrained group (e.g., arms).

60. Insulin Blunts Protein Degradation

Understand that insulin’s primary role in muscle protein balance is to inhibit protein degradation, rather than directly stimulating muscle protein synthesis for growth.

61. Protein Degradation Necessary for Remodeling

Recognize that some level of protein degradation is a necessary part of the muscle remodeling process, contributing to adaptation and improvement.

62. Consider Carbs for Optimal Lean Mass

For maximizing lean body mass accrual, incorporating carbohydrates into your diet may be more beneficial than a ketogenic diet, even when protein and calories are equated.

63. Prioritize Passion and Hard Work

Understand that mentors and opportunities often favor students who demonstrate passion and hard work, beyond just grades.

64. Consider Biochemistry for Flexibility

Pursue a biochemistry degree for broad career opportunities, as it offers more versatility than a general biology degree if not pursuing medical school.

65. Pursue General Science First

When passionate about a specific field, consider a general science degree first, then specialize in graduate school to maintain broader options.

66. Utilize Podcast Show Notes

Refer to the podcast show notes for helpful explanations and detailed information on complex topics discussed in the episode.

67. Subscribe for In-Depth Content

Head to peteratiyahmd.com/subscribe to access membership benefits for deeper knowledge in health and wellness, including exclusive content.