← The Peter Attia Drive

#154 - Steve Levitt, Ph.D.: A rogue economist's view on climate change, mental health, the ethics of experiments, and more

Mar 22, 2021 2h 29 insights
<div><span> Steven Levitt is a professor of economics at the University of Chicago and the co-author of the bestselling book Freakonomics and its two sequels. In this episode, Steve discusses his unlikely path to a career in economics and his view of the current state, and limitations, of the field. He also gives his unique perspective on contemporary issues including climate change, mental health in education, how to evaluate whether an experiment is ethical, decision making, horse racing, and much more. </span></div> <div> <div> <p> </p> <p><span> We discuss:</span></p> </div> <div> <ul type="disc"> <li>How Steve ended up in economics (2:45);</li> <li>Current trends in the field of economics: macro vs. micro, usefulness of models, and the relationship between data and theory (8:45);</li> <li>Revisiting what Steve wrote about climate change in SuperFreakonomics, and why it's unlikely to be solved with behavioral change (18:45);</li> <li>The consequences of a blurred line between climate science and advocacy (27:30);</li> <li>Answering climate questions with a "Manhattan Project for climate change" (31:45);</li> <li>Steve's reflections on his career path and how he found his way by being himself (40:00);</li> <li>How Steve came to write Freakonomics (and its sequels), and the topics which caused the most controversy (53:00);</li> <li>How Steve came to appreciate mental health through parenting, and the need to emphasize mental health into the education system (1:10:15);</li> <li>Why people are bad at making decisions (1:26:45);</li> <li>Deliberating on why horse racing times haven't advance much in decades (1:34:30);</li> <li>Reducing the impact of negative emotions by observing the world free of language (1:44:00);</li> <li>Changing our thinking about what it means to conduct experiments ethically (1:49:00); and</li> <li>More.</li> </ul> <p>Learn more: <a href="https://peterattiamd.com/">https://peterattiamd.com/</a><br /> <br /> Show notes page for this episode: <a href="https://peterattiamd.com/SteveLevitt">https://peterattiamd.com/SteveLevitt</a> <br /> <br /> Subscribe to receive exclusive subscriber-only content: <a href="https://peterattiamd.com/subscribe/">https://peterattiamd.com/subscribe/</a><br /> <br /> Sign up to receive Peter's email newsletter: <a href="https://peterattiamd.com/newsletter/">https://peterattiamd.com/newsletter/</a><br /> <br /> Connect with Peter on <a href="http://Facebook.com/PeterAttiaMD"><u>Faceboo</u></a><u>k</u> | <a href="http://Twitter.com/PeterAttiaMD"><u>Twitter</u></a> | <a href="http://Instagram.com/PeterAttiaMD"><u>Instagram</u></a>.</p> </div> </div>
Actionable Insights

1. Release Burden of Others’ Opinions

Make a conscious choice to not care what other people think about you, as this frees you from significant burden and allows you to live more authentically and happily.

2. Practice Radical Acceptance

Cultivate the ability to radically accept things that are beyond your control, especially in the face of major life events, as this can lead to a profound sense of calm and reduce struggle.

3. Prioritize Mental Health

Recognize and invest in mental health tools and self-care, as these are dramatically more important for navigating the world and fostering happiness than traditional education often suggests.

4. Differentiate Objectives, Strategies, Tactics

Clearly distinguish between your ultimate objective, the strategies to achieve it, and the specific tactics employed, to avoid misdirection and ensure effective problem-solving.

5. Reframe Problems for Solutions

When facing a problem, reframe the core question to focus on the desired outcome rather than just limiting factors, which can unlock more effective and diverse solutions.

6. Invest in R&D for Asymmetric Risks

Prioritize investment in research and development for problems with asymmetric, high-impact risks, as the cost of R&D is trivial compared to the potential costs of disaster or implementation.

7. Launch ‘Manhattan Project’ for Grand Challenges

For significant global problems, advocate for or initiate a focused, interdisciplinary ‘Manhattan Project’ approach, pooling top scientific talent and resources to find rapid, innovative solutions.

8. Address Externalities Systemically

Understand that problems fundamentally driven by externalities (where individual actions have little personal effect but negative societal impact) are rarely solved by individual behavior change alone; systemic or technological solutions are often required.

9. Change Default Environment

To effectively drive behavior change, focus on altering the default environment and social norms rather than solely relying on individuals to ‘do the right thing’.

10. Practice Word-Free Observation

Train yourself to observe the world and think without relying on language, as this practice can lead to a different way of processing emotions and potentially reduce feelings of unhappiness or anger.

11. Set Spending Thresholds

Establish a personal rule to not worry about decisions involving small amounts of money (e.g., under $5, $10, or even $100), as this frees up significant mental bandwidth and reduces daily burden.

12. Embrace Uncertainty & Foster Autonomy

As a parent, accept the inherent uncertainty of the world and your limited control over your children’s lives, fostering their autonomy and independence from a young age.

13. Express Love Explicitly

Make a conscious effort to regularly express feelings of love and affection to family members, counteracting societal norms that might discourage such open communication.

14. Overhaul Education for Life Skills

Advocate for a radical overhaul of the education curriculum to prioritize teaching children essential life skills, conflict resolution, and tools for happiness and well-being, rather than solely academic subjects.

15. Experiment & Innovate in Education

Encourage and subsidize experimentation and innovation in educational approaches, allowing different models to run and identifying what effectively helps students cope with the world.

16. Separate Facts from Implications

When analyzing information or engaging in discussions, make a sharp distinction between verifiable facts and the implications or interpretations drawn from those facts.

17. Establish Facts Before Debate

Before engaging in a debate or discussion, ask participants to clearly lay out the foundational facts they believe to be true, ensuring agreement on facts before discussing their implications.

18. Fail Quickly Strategy

Adopt a strategy of ‘failing quickly’ in endeavors, allowing for rapid identification of unworkable paths and redirection of effort.

19. Pursue Personal Interests in Work

Focus on studying and researching topics that genuinely interest you, even if they are unconventional, as this can lead to unique contributions and personal fulfillment.

20. Be Yourself & Adapt

Practice being yourself and pursuing what you like, and if a path isn’t working, be willing to take a different one, rather than trying to conform to external expectations.

21. Shift to Knowledge Production

Transition from being a consumer of knowledge to an active producer of knowledge, which is essential for intellectual growth and contribution in academic or professional fields.

22. Ask Questions When Tired of Answering

When you feel fatigued by answering questions, shift to asking questions yourself, as it is often more engaging and interesting.

23. Use Data & Intelligence to Overcome Physical Limits

When physical talent is a limiting factor, leverage intelligence and data-driven approaches to develop tools and strategies for significant improvement.

24. Consistent Practice is Key

Understand that consistent and deliberate practice is crucial for significant improvement in any skill or endeavor.

25. Apply Deliberate, Varied Training

For physical performance, implement a deliberate and varied training regimen, including activities like zone two training or cross-training, to build capacity and efficiency.

26. Avoid Inaction in Decision-Making

Recognize that many of the worst decisions stem from inaction rather than flawed action, encouraging a bias towards making choices.

27. Learn to Quit Sooner

Develop the ability to quit situations or endeavors that are no longer serving you, ideally sooner than your natural inclination, to avoid being stuck in bad situations.

28. Class Selection Strategy

When choosing academic courses, prioritize classes that are widely popular, as they are often both high-quality and manageable.

29. Offer High Compensation for Research

For high-stakes medical research where volunteers are needed, offer sufficiently high financial compensation to attract a broad and diverse pool of participants, thereby addressing ethical concerns around coercion and vulnerability.